WGU Ethics In Technology 問題集 練習問題・模擬試験｜日本語版＆英語版対応

Explanation: The decision made by the insurance company aligns with utilitarianism, an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their overall consequences and aims to maximize happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. Why Utilitarianism? The company continues using the AI system because it benefits the majority of customers, even though it negatively affects a marginalized group. Utilitarianism, as defined by Jeremy Bentham and later refined by John Stuart Mill, prioritizes actions that generate the most favorable outcomes for the largest number of individuals. Since the AI system increases efficiency and improves claim processing for most customers, the company may justify its use under "the greatest happiness principle." However, utilitarianism can be criticized for neglecting minority groups if their suffering is outweighed by the benefits to the majority, as seen in this case. Why Not the Other Theories? A. Pluralism: Pluralism acknowledges multiple moral values but does not necessarily justify sacrificing fairness for efficiency. The company’s decision does not reflect a commitment to balancing competing moral principles. C. Virtue Ethics: Virtue ethics, based on Aristotle’s philosophy, emphasizes moral character and virtues such as justice and fairness. A company operating under virtue ethics would likely strive to ensure fairness for all customers rather than prioritizing overall utility. D. Deontology: Deontology, rooted in Immanuel Kant's philosophy, focuses on duty, rights, and moral rules. A deontologist would argue that it is unethical to use a system that discriminates against certain groups, even if it benefits the majority. Thus, the correct ethical framework that justifies the company's decision is utilitarianism because it prioritizes the greater good, even at the expense of fairness for a smaller group. Reference in Ethics in Technology: Mill, J. S. (1863). Utilitarianism. London: Parker, Son, and Bourn. Bentham, J. (1789). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Floridi, L. (2013). The Ethics of Information. Oxford University Press. Binns, R. (2018). "Fairness in Machine Learning: Lessons from Political Philosophy." Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT)

Explanation: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the ethical obligation of organizations to go beyond legal requirements in improving societal and employee well-being. In this scenario, the organization is voluntarily offering additional parental leave benefits, which demonstrates a commitment to the welfare of its employees beyond what is legally mandated. CSR involves initiatives that benefit various stakeholders, including employees, customers, communities, and the environment. By offering enhanced parental leave benefits, the organization acknowledges its responsibility to promote work-life balance, employee satisfaction, and overall social welfare, which are key principles of CSR. Relevant Ethical Reference in Technology: Utilitarianism (Greatest Good Principle) C Providing extended parental leave benefits leads to greater well-being for employees and their families, fostering a more positive and productive workforce. Deontological Ethics (Duty-Based Ethics) C The company recognizes its ethical duty to care for employees beyond legal obligations, emphasizing moral responsibility rather than mere compliance. Virtue Ethics (Moral Character of the Organization) C The decision reflects virtues such as empathy, fairness, and social responsibility, reinforcing an ethical corporate culture. Corporate Social Responsibility Frameworks C Organizations like the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and ISO 26000 emphasize the importance of CSR in areas such as labor practices, human rights, and community involvement. By integrating CSR principles into employee benefits, the organization fosters a more ethical and socially responsible business environment.

Explanation: A Code of Ethics is a formal document that outlines an organization’s values, principles, and expected ethical behaviors. It serves as the first point of reference for employees seeking guidance on ethical decision-making within a company. Why Code of Ethics? The Code of Ethics establishes the foundational principles that guide an organization's decision-making, ensuring consistency in ethical practices. It typically includes guidelines on conflicts of interest, integrity, fairness, and responsibility, helping employees resolve ethical dilemmas. The new IT employee can refer to this document to understand how the company resolves ethical issues and enforces its values. Why Not the Other Options? A. Corporate Responsibility Matrix: This tool may help outline social and environmental responsibilities but does not explicitly guide ethical decision-making. B. Ethical Decision-Making Processes: While important, this is a procedural framework rather than a reference document employees would check first. D. Board of Directors: The Board oversees corporate governance but is not a direct source for employee guidance on ethical matters. Thus, the best answer is C. Code of Ethics as it directly provides ethical standards employees should follow. Reference in Ethics in Technology: Moor, J. (1985). "What is Computer Ethics?" Metaphilosophy, 16(4), 266-275. Floridi, L. (2010). Information: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Code of Ethics (2022). IEEE Code of Ethics (2020).